leetcode design patterns

closely with the Question Adder Coordinator and Internal Contest Testers to produce content that will These questions can also be used to check the knowledge of NumPy — some … In this role, you’ll make a significant contribution to translating our customer needs and user expectations into interactive web apps. Found insideDue to the broad range of topics covered at various levels of difficulty, this book is suitable for both beginners and more experienced readers. We buy the first stock and try to get the maximum profit so that we have enough days left to buy and sell another stock. Data Structures are mostly used in many programming design. If you try submitting this, although our logic is correct we would get a Time/Memory Limit Exceeded Error. You must be a team player, an excellent communicator that can work with different functional teams to ensure product releases are high-quality and on time. Proactive and self-motivated, Has basic graphics skills, can produce simple image/chart to help explain ideas in problem descriptions, Familiar with LeetCode problems and has solved over 500 problems, Strong command of the English language: an eye for detail, meticulous grammar, and proofreading Thus, when the value of K is greater than N/2 the problem is similar to #122 because the upper bound is infinite and we can buy and sell multiple stocks (obeying the constraint: buy a stock after selling the previous one). and self-motivated. engineering peers, Experience working on frontend and backend integrations. Like to read about programming without seeing a constant flow of technology and political news into your proggit? We have a highly engaged developer community and our users have landed jobs at top companies around the world such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and many others. Clearly, we can reduce the space consumed by our algorithm by reusing variables. Below is the code. The book provides enough real-time examples so that readers get better understanding of the design patterns and also useful for the interviews. We mean, the book covers design interview questions. understanding of concepts. We are expecting you to be experienced in social media, PR and (Dynamic Programming), I Focused on WITSML Data for a Week and Here’s What Happened. Linear Time — Constant Space Python Solution 123. LeetCode is one of the most well-known online judge platforms that you can use to practice your programming skills by solving coding questions. LeetCode Journey; Beginner's Guide Tutorial for Beginners - Object-Oriented Design (OOD) / System Design / Operating System; i.e. The PDFs have leetcode companies tagged. We just need to buy and sell a single stock to maximize the profit. We cannot define two arrays so huge, no way! Leetcode 右侧的标签系统虽然未必 100% 完整,但是大致分类做得还不错。 3、面试前的一个月可以只做『Hard』标签的题目,因为一般两遍之后对于大部分『Medium』难度以下的题目都是肌肉记忆了。 Through the articles, the solution author strives to all guidelines. Good. provide intuitive explanations to algorithms that people with different levels of expertise can understand. and implementation, Work with the Technical Content Coordinator to conceptualize and produce content according to our If we can keep a track of the minimum stock price and the maximum profit, we should be able to solve the problem in a single pass. your intuitive explanation of algorithms no matter their level of expertise. We can use two arrays of length k for keeping track of buy and sell profits. Then we iterate the prices array and check if we can buy the current stock so as to maximize the profit. This hinders us from using the approach from #122. with, MySQL, Redis, DynamoDB, Docker, Kubernetes, Backend web development using Python + Django + GraphQL + Celery, Write well-crafted, well-tested, readable, maintainable code, Optimize system performance and identify bottlenecks, Participate in code reviews to ensure code quality and distribute knowledge, Help grow and advance the backend team through mentorship and recruitment, Help define the roadmap and architecture based on business needs, Familiarity with frameworks such as Django, Flask, Node.js, or Ruby on Rails, Experience in development using SQL and a relational database, Proficiency in Celery or other similar task queue systems, Experience in building an end-to-end data pipeline, Experience in building a large-scale microservice architecture, React, TypeScript, apollo-client (for GraphQL), Full stack web development using React + Python + Django + GraphQL, Work closely with a designer to create maintainable, reusable frontend components, Optimize and ensure responsiveness of applications, Design and implement new product features through collaborations with design and engineering teams, BS/MS degree in Computer Science (or a related field) OR completion of a bootcamp, Non-trivial full stack projects under your belt, Proficiency in JavaScript frameworks such as React, Angular or Vue, Proficiency in a backend programming languages such as Python, Ruby, Java or Node.js, Experience using SQL and a relational database, Experience in designing APIs using GraphQL, Redux, React Router, etc. What’s new about this problem? HTML and CSS, Javascript, and Javascript design patterns are the key concepts that you will be tested on during an interview. Fair enough! I am sure now you are feeling a tad bit more confident with such problems. You will own development and maintenance of a newly created design system. Where: N is the total number of tokens in the text,; c(t1, t2) is the number of times t1 and t2 appear together, c(t1) and c(t2) — the number of times they appear separately. This book also walks experienced JavaScript developers through modern module formats, how to namespace code effectively, and other essential topics. LeetCoders. For more design-related questions, try /r/web_design. Experience with Python and Django framework. Data structures and algorithms are essential for any programmer. audiences, Maintain standards to ensure consistency in quality, look, feel, and tonality across video content, Proven experience in creating technical video content and using video creating softwares/equipments. knowledge with others. Docker and Kubernetes, Experience working with Microservices based applications, Good knowledge of Unit Testing and available Test Frameworks, Great at debugging skills, not afraid to jump into code if needed to debug production issues, Experienced with Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment tools such as Jenkins, Experience with Message Queue frameworks such as Celery/RabbitMQ, Experience creating and maintaining Devops infrastructure on cloud platforms, Good hands-on knowledge of configuration management and deployment tools such as: Therefore he was not familiar with software system design. This is a remote part-time, contractor position. Rather, we work on the solution of #309 and modify it for this problem. Another way to handle this would be. - GitHub - fishercoder1534/Leetcode: Solutions to LeetCode problems; updated daily. Have a look at the table below generated for the input [3,3,5,0,0,3,1,4]. Learn these 14 patterns and you’ll have a more complete picture of how to approach a problem no matter the question. I complied and collected some of the articles as a part of doing CS654A Course at IIT Kanpur for a fantastic course on Advanced Software Architecture taught by Prof. Dr. T. V. Prabbhakar.. But at most one stock can be there in hand all the time. The ideal candidate is good at problem-solving and enjoys the challenge of hacking solutions to with engineers in other locations, Take a collaborative approach to work and can incorporate feedback from product, design and your 设计模式在程序员的面试中会被考到,通常是介绍其原理并说出优缺点。或者对比几个比较相似的模式的异同点。在笔试中可能会出现画出某个设计模式的 UML 图这样的题。虽说面试中占的比重不大,但并不代表它不重要。, 恰恰相反,设计模式于程序员而言相当重要,它是我们写出优秀程序的保障。设计模式与程序员的架构能力与阅读源码的能力息息相关,非常值得我们深入学习。, 力扣君之前发过一篇文章《一场「面向对象」与 「面向过程」 的较量》,文章中用生动的例子比较了面向对象和面向过程的优缺点,后来有读者反馈说从这个例子中看不出面向对象的优势,因为「老过再多拆几个函数跟阿对也差不了多少」。, 诚然,面向对象的威力从这个小例子中只能看到冰山一角。好比一段两公里的路程,坐飞机和走路花费的时间差不了多少。但当我们需要翻山越岭、漂洋过海时,坐飞机的人就会将走路的人远远抛在后面。, 面向对象的特点是可维护、可复用、可扩展、灵活性好,它真正强大的地方在于:随着业务变得越来越复杂,面向对象依然能够使得程序结构良好,而面向过程却会导致程序越来越臃肿。, 设计模式的世界丰富多彩,比如生产一个个「产品」的工厂模式,衔接两个不相关接口的适配器模式,用不同的方式做同一件事的策略模式,构建步骤稳定、根据构建过程的不同配置构建出不同对象的建造者模式等。, 面向对象结合设计模式,才能真正体会到程序变得可维护、可复用、可扩展、灵活性好。设计模式对于程序员而言并不陌生,每个程序员在编程时都会或多或少地接触到设计模式。无论是在大型程序的架构中,亦或是在源码的学习中,设计模式都扮演着非常重要的角色。, 所有的设计模式都是为了程序能更好的满足这六大原则。设计模式一共有 23 种,下面先介绍构建型模式,一共五种,分别是:, 在平时编程中,构建对象最常用的方式是 new 一个对象。乍一看这种做法没什么不好,而实际上这也属于一种硬编码。每 new 一个对象,相当于调用者多知道了一个类,增加了类与类之间的联系,不利于程序的松耦合。其实构建过程可以被封装起来,工厂模式便是用于封装对象的设计模式。, 举个例子,直接 new 对象的方式相当于当我们需要一个苹果时,我们需要知道苹果的构造方法,需要一个梨子时,需要知道梨子的构造方法。更好的实现方式是有一个水果工厂,我们告诉工厂需要什么种类的水果,水果工厂将我们需要的水果制造出来给我们就可以了。这样我们就无需知道苹果、梨子是怎么种出来的,只用和水果工厂打交道即可。, 事实上,将构建过程封装的好处不仅可以降低耦合,如果某个产品构造方法相当复杂,使用工厂模式可以大大减少代码重复。比如,如果生产一个苹果需要苹果种子、阳光、水分,将工厂修改如下:, 调用者的代码则完全不需要变化,而且调用者不需要在每次需要苹果时,自己去构建苹果种子、阳光、水分以获得苹果。苹果的生产过程再复杂,也只是工厂的事。这就是封装的好处,假如某天科学家发明了让苹果更香甜的肥料,要加入苹果的生产过程中的话,也只需要在工厂中修改,调用者完全不用关心。, 注:在 GoF 所著的《设计模式》一书中,简单工厂模式被划分为工厂方法模式的一种特例,没有单独被列出来。, 总而言之,简单工厂模式就是让一个工厂类承担构建所有对象的职责。调用者需要什么产品,让工厂生产出来即可。它的弊端也显而易见:, 为了解决简单工厂模式的这两个弊端,工厂方法模式应运而生,它规定每个产品都有一个专属工厂。比如苹果有专属的苹果工厂,梨子有专属的梨子工厂,Java 代码如下:, 有读者可能会开喷了,这样和直接 new 出苹果和梨子有什么区别?上文说工厂是为了减少类与类之间的耦合,让调用者尽可能少的和其他类打交道。用简单工厂模式,我们只需要知道 FruitFactory,无需知道 Apple 、Pear 类,很容易看出耦合度降低了。但用工厂方法模式,调用者虽然不需要和 Apple 、Pear 类打交道了,但却需要和 AppleFactory、PearFactory 类打交道。有几种水果就需要知道几个工厂类,耦合度完全没有下降啊,甚至还增加了代码量!, 这位读者请先放下手中的大刀,仔细想一想,工厂模式的第二个优点在工厂方法模式中还是存在的。当构建过程相当复杂时,工厂将构建过程封装起来,调用者可以很方便的直接使用,同样以苹果生产为例:, 调用者无需知道苹果的生产细节,当生产过程需要修改时也无需更改调用端。同时,工厂方法模式解决了简单工厂模式的两个弊端。, 此时,调用者可以将 AppleFactory 和 PearFactory 统一作为 IFactory 对象使用,调用者 Java 代码如下:, 可以看到,我们在创建时指定了具体的工厂类后,在使用时就无需再关心是哪个工厂类,只需要将此工厂当作抽象的 IFactory 接口使用即可。这种经过抽象的工厂方法模式被称作抽象工厂模式。, 由于客户端只和 IFactory 打交道了,调用的是接口中的方法,使用时根本不需要知道是在哪个具体工厂中实现的这些方法,这就使得替换工厂变得非常容易。, IFactory 中只有一个抽象方法时,或许还看不出抽象工厂模式的威力。实际上抽象工厂模式主要用于替换一系列方法。例如将程序中的 SQL Server 数据库整个替换为 Access 数据库,使用抽象方法模式的话,只需在 IFactory 接口中定义好增删改查四个方法,让 SQLFactory 和 AccessFactory 实现此接口,调用时直接使用 IFactory 中的抽象方法即可,调用者无需知道使用的什么数据库,我们就可以非常方便的整个替换程序的数据库,并且让客户端毫不知情。, 抽象工厂模式很好的发挥了开闭原则、依赖倒置原则,但缺点是抽象工厂模式太重了,如果 IFactory 接口需要新增功能,则会影响到所有的具体工厂类。使用抽象工厂模式,替换具体工厂时只需更改一行代码,但要新增抽象方法则需要修改所有的具体工厂类。所以抽象工厂模式适用于增加同类工厂这样的横向扩展需求,不适合新增功能这样的纵向扩展。, 单例模式非常常见,某个对象全局只需要一个实例时,就可以使用单例模式。它的优点也显而易见:, 可以看到,我们将构造方法定义为 private,这就保证了其他类无法实例化此类,必须通过 getInstance 方法才能获取到唯一的 instance 实例,非常直观。但饿汉式有一个弊端,那就是即使这个单例不需要使用,它也会在类加载之后立即创建出来,占用一块内存,并增加类初始化时间。就好比一个电工在修理灯泡时,先把所有工具拿出来,不管是不是所有的工具都用得上。就像一个饥不择食的饿汉,所以称之为饿汉式。, 我们先声明了一个初始值为 null 的 instance 变量,当需要使用时判断此变量是否已被初始化,没有初始化的话才 new 一个实例出来。就好比电工在修理灯泡时,开始比较偷懒,什么工具都不拿,当发现需要使用螺丝刀时,才把螺丝刀拿出来。当需要用钳子时,再把钳子拿出来。就像一个不到万不得已不会行动的懒汉,所以称之为懒汉式。, 上述代码的懒汉式单例乍一看没什么问题,但其实它不是线程安全的。如果有多个线程同一时间调用 getInstance 方法,instance 变量可能会被实例化多次。为了保证线程安全,我们需要给判空过程加上锁:, 这样就能保证多个线程调用 getInstance 时,一次最多只有一个线程能够执行判空并 new 出实例的操作,所以 instance 只会实例化一次。但这样的写法仍然有问题,当多个线程调用 getInstance 时,每次都需要执行 synchronized 同步化方法,这样会严重影响程序的执行效率。所以更好的做法是在同步化之前,再加上一层检查:, 这样增加一种检查方式后,如果 instance 已经被实例化,则不会执行同步化操作,大大提升了程序效率。上面这种写法也就是我们平时较常用的双检锁方式实现的线程安全的单例模式。, 但这样的懒汉式单例仍然有一个问题,JVM 底层为了优化程序运行效率,可能会对我们的代码进行指令重排序,在一些特殊情况下会导致单例模式线程不安全,为了防止这个问题,更进一步的优化是给 instance 变量加上 volatile 关键字。, 虽然我们经常使用这种静态内部类的懒加载方式,但其中的原理不一定每个人都清楚。接下来我们便来分析其原理,搞清楚两个问题:, Java 类的加载过程包括:加载、验证、准备、解析、初始化。初始化阶段即执行类的 clinit 方法(clinit = class + initialize),包括为类的静态变量赋初始值和执行静态代码块中的内容。但不会立即加载内部类,内部类会在使用时才加载。所以当此 Singleton 类加载时,SingletonHolder 并不会被立即加载,所以不会像饿汉式那样占用内存。, 另外,Java 虚拟机规定,当访问一个类的静态字段时,如果该类尚未初始化,则立即初始化此类。当调用Singleton 的 getInstance 方法时,由于其使用了 SingletonHolder 的静态变量 instance,所以这时才会去初始化 SingletonHolder,在 SingletonHolder 中 new 出 Singleton 对象。这就实现了懒加载。, 第二个问题的答案是 Java 虚拟机的设计是非常稳定的,早已经考虑到了多线程并发执行的情况。虚拟机在加载类的 clinit 方法时,会保证 clinit 在多线程中被正确的加锁、同步。即使有多个线程同时去初始化一个类,一次也只有一个线程可以执行 clinit 方法,其他线程都需要阻塞等待,从而保证了线程安全。, 懒加载方式在平时非常常见,比如打开我们常用的美团、饿了么、支付宝 app,应用首页会立刻刷新出来,但其他标签页在我们点击到时才会刷新。这样就减少了流量消耗,并缩短了程序启动时间。再比如游戏中的某些模块,当我们点击到时才会去下载资源,而不是事先将所有资源都先下载下来,这也属于懒加载方式,避免了内存浪费。, 但懒汉式的缺点就是将程序加载时间从启动时延后到了运行时,虽然启动时间缩短了,但我们浏览页面时就会看到数据的 loading 过程。如果用饿汉式将页面提前加载好,我们浏览时就会特别的顺畅,也不失为一个好的用户体验。比如我们常用的 QQ、微信 app,作为即时通讯的工具软件,它们会在启动时立即刷新所有的数据,保证用户看到最新最全的内容。著名的软件大师 Martin 在《代码整洁之道》一书中也说到:不提倡使用懒加载方式,因为程序应该将构建与使用分离,达到解耦。饿汉式在声明时直接初始化变量的方式也更直观易懂。所以在使用饿汉式还是懒汉式时,需要权衡利弊。, 一般的建议是:对于构建不复杂,加载完成后会立即使用的单例对象,推荐使用饿汉式。对于构建过程耗时较长,并不是所有使用此类都会用到的单例对象,推荐使用懒汉式。, 建造型模式用于创建过程稳定,但配置多变的对象。在《设计模式》一书中的定义是:将一个复杂的构建与其表示相分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。, 经典的「建造者-指挥者」模式现在已经不太常用了,现在建造者模式主要用来通过链式调用生成不同的配置。比如我们要制作一杯珍珠奶茶。它的制作过程是稳定的,除了必须要知道奶茶的种类和规格外,是否加珍珠和是否加冰是可选的。使用建造者模式表示如下:, 可以看到,我们将 MilkTea 的构造方法设置为私有的,所以外部不能通过 new 构建出 MilkTea 实例,只能通过 Builder 构建。对于必须配置的属性,通过 Builder 的构造方法传入,可选的属性通过 Builder 的链式调用方法传入,如果不配置,将使用默认配置,也就是中杯、加珍珠、不加冰。根据不同的配置可以制作出不同的奶茶:, 使用建造者模式的好处是不用担心忘了指定某个配置,保证了构建过程是稳定的。在 OkHttp、Retrofit 等著名框架的源码中都使用到了建造者模式。, 举个例子,比如有一天,周杰伦到奶茶店点了一份不加冰的原味奶茶,你说我是周杰伦的忠实粉,我也要一份跟周杰伦一样的。用程序表示如下:, 好像没什么问题,将周杰伦的奶茶直接赋值到你的奶茶上就行了,看起来我们并不需要 clone 方法。但是这样真的是复制了一份奶茶吗?, 当然不是,Java 的赋值只是传递地址。这样赋值之后,yourMilkTea 仍然指向的周杰伦的奶茶,并不会多一份一样的奶茶。, 只有这样,yourMilkTea 才是 new 出来的一份全新的奶茶。我们设想一下,如果有一千个粉丝都需要点和周杰伦一样的奶茶的话,按照现在的写法就需要 new 一千次,并为每一个新的对象赋值一千次,造成大量的重复。, 这就是原型模式,Java 中有一个语法糖,让我们并不需要手写 clone 方法。这个语法糖就是 Cloneable 接口,我们只要让需要拷贝的类实现此接口即可。, 值得注意的是,Java 自带的 clone 方法是浅拷贝的。也就是说调用此对象的 clone 方法,只有基本类型的参数会被拷贝一份,非基本类型的对象不会被拷贝一份,而是继续使用传递引用的方式。如果需要实现深拷贝,必须要自己手动修改 clone 方法才行。, 结构型模式是用来设计程序的结构的。结构型模式就像搭积木,将不同的类结合在一起形成契合的结构。包括以下几种:, 说到适配器,我们最熟悉的莫过于电源适配器了,也就是手机的充电头。它就是适配器模式的一个应用。, 试想一下,你有一条连接电脑和手机的 USB 数据线,连接电脑的一端从电脑接口处接收 5V 的电压,连接手机的一端向手机输出 5V 的电压,并且他们工作良好。, 中国的家用电压都是 220V,所以 USB 数据线不能直接拿来给手机充电,这时候我们有两种方案:, 如果你使用过早期的手机,就会知道以前的手机厂商采用的就是第一种方案:早期的手机充电器都是单独制作的,充电头和充电线是连在一起的。现在的手机都采用了电源适配器加数据线的方案。这是生活中应用适配器模式的一个进步。, 适配的意思是适应、匹配。通俗地讲,适配器模式适用于 有相关性但不兼容的结构,源接口通过一个中间件转换后才可以适用于目标接口,这个转换过程就是适配,这个中间件就称之为适配器。, 家用电源和 USB 数据线有相关性:家用电源输出电压,USB 数据线输入电压。但两个接口无法兼容,因为一个输出 220V,一个输入 5V,通过适配器将输出 220V 转换成输出 5V 之后才可以一起工作。, 这就是适配器模式。在我们日常的开发中经常会使用到各种各样的 Adapter,都属于适配器模式的应用。, 但适配器模式并不推荐多用。因为未雨绸缪好过亡羊补牢,如果事先能预防接口不同的问题,不匹配问题就不会发生,只有遇到源接口无法改变时,才应该考虑使用适配器。比如现代的电源插口中很多已经增加了专门的充电接口,让我们不需要再使用适配器转换接口,这又是社会的一个进步。, 考虑这样一个需求:绘制矩形、圆形、三角形这三种图案。按照面向对象的理念,我们至少需要三个具体类,对应三种不同的图形。, 乍一看没什么问题,我们使用了面向对象的继承特性,复用了父类的代码并扩展了新的功能。, 但仔细想一想,如果以后要增加一种颜色,比如黑色,那么我们就需要增加三个类;如果再要增加一种形状,我们又需要增加五个类,对应 5 种颜色。, 更不用说遇到增加 20 个形状,20 种颜色的需求,不同的排列组合将会使工作量变得无比的庞大。看来我们不得不重新思考设计方案。, 形状和颜色,都是图形的两个属性。他们两者的关系是平等的,所以不属于继承关系。更好的的实现方式是:将形状和颜色分离,根据需要对形状和颜色进行组合,这就是桥接模式的思想。, 官方定义非常精准、简练,但却有点不易理解。通俗地说,如果一个对象有两种或者多种分类方式,并且两种分类方式都容易变化,比如本例中的形状和颜色。这时使用继承很容易造成子类越来越多,所以更好的做法是把这种分类方式分离出来,让他们独立变化,使用时将不同的分类进行组合即可。, 说到这里,不得不提一个设计原则:合成 / 聚合复用原则。虽然它没有被划分到六大设计原则中,但它在面向对象的设计中也非常的重要。, 继承虽然是面向对象的三大特性之一,但继承会导致子类与父类有非常紧密的依赖关系,它会限制子类的灵活性和子类的复用性。而使用合成 / 聚合,也就是使用接口实现的方式,就不存在依赖问题,一个类可以实现多个接口,可以很方便地拓展功能。, 这时我们再来回顾一下官方定义:将抽象部分与它的实现部分分离,使它们都可以独立地变化。抽象部分指的是父类,对应本例中的形状类,实现部分指的是不同子类的区别之处。将子类的区别方式 —— 也就是本例中的颜色 —— 分离成接口,通过组合的方式桥接颜色和形状,这就是桥接模式,它主要用于 两个或多个同等级的接口。, 上文说到,桥接模式用于将同等级的接口互相组合,那么组合模式和桥接模式有什么共同点吗?, 事实上组合模式和桥接模式的组合完全不一样。组合模式用于 整体与部分的结构,当整体与部分有相似的结构,在操作时可以被一致对待时,就可以使用组合模式。例如:, 我们注意到人员结构中有两种结构,一是管理者,如老板,PM,CFO,CTO,二是职员。其中有的管理者不仅仅要管理职员,还会管理其他的管理者。这就是一个典型的整体与部分的结构。, 关于第一个弊端,虽然这里为了讲解,只有两个字段和一个方法重复,实际工作中这样的整体部分结构会有相当多的重复。比如此例中还可能有工号、年龄等字段,领取工资、上下班打卡、开各种无聊的会等方法。, 大量的重复显然是很丑陋的代码,分析一下可以发现, Manager 类只比 Employee 类多一个管理人员的列表字段,多几个增加 / 移除人员的方法,其他的字段和方法全都是一样的。, 有读者应该会想到:我们可以将重复的字段和方法提取到一个工具类中,让 Employee 和 Manager 都去调用此工具类,就可以消除重复了。, 这样固然可行,但属于 Employee 和 Manager 类自己的东西却要通过其他类调用,并不利于程序的高内聚。, 关于第二个弊端,此方案无法解决,此方案中 Employee 和 Manager 类完全是两个不同的对象,两者的相似性被忽略了。, 组合模式最主要的功能就是让用户可以一致对待整体和部分结构,将两者都作为一个相同的组件,所以我们先新建一个抽象的组件类:, 可以看到,使用组合模式后,我们解决了之前的两个弊端。一是将共有的字段与方法移到了父类中,消除了重复,并且在客户端中,可以一致对待 Manager 和 Employee 类:, 读者可能已经注意到了,Employee 类虽然继承了父类的 addComponent 和 removeComponent 方法,但是仅仅提供了一个空实现,因为 Employee 类是不支持添加和移除组件的。这样是否违背了接口隔离原则呢?, 这种方式有它的优点:让 Manager 类和 Employee 类具备完全一致的行为接口,调用者可以一致对待它们。, 但它的缺点也显而易见:Employee 类并不支持管理子对象,不仅违背了接口隔离原则,而且客户端可以用 Employee 类调用 addComponent 和 removeComponent 方法,导致程序出错,所以这种方式是不安全的。, 那么我们可不可以将 addComponent 和 removeComponent 方法移到 Manager 子类中去单独实现,让 Employee 不再实现这两个方法呢?我们来尝试一下。, 可以看到,我们在父类中去掉了 addComponent 和 removeComponent 这两个抽象方法。, Manager 类单独实现了 addComponent 和 removeComponent 这两个方法,去掉了 @Override 注解。, 安全方式遵循了接口隔离原则,但由于不够透明,Manager 和 Employee 类不具有相同的接口,在客户端中,我们无法将 Manager 和 Employee 统一声明为 Component 类了,必须要区别对待,带来了使用上的不方便。, 安全方式和透明方式各有好处,在使用组合模式时,需要根据实际情况决定。但大多数使用组合模式的场景都是采用的透明方式,虽然它有点不安全,但是客户端无需做任何判断来区分是叶子结点还是枝节点,用起来是真香。, 我们为什么需要这些装饰品呢?很容易想到是为了美,戒指、耳环、项链、壁画、盆栽等都是为了提高颜值或增加美观度。但粘钩、镜子不一样,它们是为了方便我们挂东西、洗漱。所以我们可以总结出装饰品共有两种功能:, 并且,我们发现装饰品并不会改变物品本身,只是起到一个锦上添花的作用。装饰模式也一样,它的主要作用就是:, 可以看到,装饰器也实现了 IBeauty 接口,并且没有添加新的方法,也就是说这里的装饰器仅用于增强功能,并不会改变 Me 原有的功能,这种装饰模式称之为 透明装饰模式,由于没有改变接口,也没有新增方法,所以透明装饰模式可以无限装饰。, 装饰模式是 继承 的一种替代方案。本例如果不使用装饰模式,而是改用继承实现的话,戴着戒指的 Me 需要派生一个子类、戴着项链的 Me 需要派生一个子类、戴着耳环的 Me 需要派生一个子类、戴着戒指 + 项链的需要派生一个子类......各种各样的排列组合会造成类爆炸。而采用了装饰模式就只需要为每个装饰品生成一个装饰类即可,所以说就 增加对象功能 来说,装饰模式比生成子类实现更为灵活。, 这就是用于 新增功能 的装饰模式。我们在接口中新增了方法:hangThings,然后在装饰器中将 House 类包装起来,之前 House 中的方法仍然调用 house 去执行,也就是说我们并没有修改原有的功能,只是扩展了新的功能,这种模式在装饰模式中称之为 半透明装饰模式。, 为什么叫半透明呢?由于新的接口 IStickyHookHouse 拥有之前 IHouse 不具有的方法,所以我们如果要使用装饰器中添加的功能,就不得不区别对待 装饰前的对象和装饰后的对象。也就是说客户端要使用新方法,必须知道具体的装饰类 StickyHookDecorator,所以这个装饰类对客户端来说是可见的、不透明的。而被装饰者不一定要是 House,它可以是实现了 IHouse 接口的任意对象,所以被装饰者对客户端是不可见的、透明的。由于一半透明,一半不透明,所以称之为半透明装饰模式。, 我们会发现,第二次装饰时,无法获得上一次装饰添加的方法。原因很明显,当我们用 IMirrorHouse 装饰器后,接口变为了 IMirrorHouse,这个接口中并没有 hangThings 方法。, 那么我们能否让 IMirrorHouse 继承自 IStickyHookHouse,以实现新增两个功能呢?, 可以,但那样做的话两个装饰类之间有了依赖关系,那就不是装饰模式了。装饰类不应该存在依赖关系,而应该在原本的类上进行装饰。这就意味着,半透明装饰模式中,我们无法多次装饰。, —— 并不是!只要添加了新功能的装饰模式都称之为 半透明装饰模式,他们都具有不可以多次装饰的特点。仔细理解上文半透明名称的由来就知道了,“透明”指的是我们无需知道被装饰者具体的类,既增强了功能,又添加了新功能的装饰模式仍然具有半透明特性。, 看了这两个简单的例子,是不是发现装饰模式很简单呢?恭喜你学会了 1 + 1 = 2,现在你已经掌握了算数的基本思想,接下来我们来做一道微积分题练习一下。, I/O 指的是 Input/Output,即输入、输出。我们以 Input 为例。先在 src 文件夹下新建一个文件 readme.text,随便写点文字:, 这样写有一个问题,如果读取过程中出现了 IO 异常,InputStream 就不能正确关闭,所以我们要用try...finally来保证 InputStream 正确关闭:, 这种写法实在是太丑了,而 IO 操作又必须这么写,显然 Java 也意识到了这个问题,所以 Java 7 中引入了try(resource)语法糖,IO 的代码就可以简化如下:, 事实上,查看 I/O 的源码可知,Java I/O 的设计框架便是使用的 装饰者模式,InputStream 的继承关系如下:, 其中,InputStream 是一个抽象类,对应上文例子中的 IHouse,其中最重要的方法是 read 方法,这是一个抽象方法:, 这个方法会读取输入流的下一个字节,并返回字节表示的 int 值(0~255),返回 -1 表示已读到末尾。由于它是抽象方法,所以具体的逻辑交由子类实现。, 上图中,左边的三个类 FileInputStream、ByteArrayInputStream、ServletInputStream 是 InputStream 的三个子类,对应上文例子中实现了 IHouse 接口的 House。, 右下角的三个类 BufferedInputStream、DataInputStream、CheckedInputStream 是三个具体的装饰者类,他们都为 InputStream 增强了原有功能或添加了新功能。, FilterInputStream 是所有装饰类的父类,它没有实现具体的功能,仅用来包装了一下 InputStream:, 我们以 BufferedInputStream 为例。原有的 InputStream 读取文件时,是一个字节一个字节读取的,这种方式的执行效率并不高,所以我们可以设立一个缓冲区,先将内容读取到缓冲区中,缓冲区读满后,将内容从缓冲区中取出来,这样就变成了一段一段读取,用内存换取效率。BufferedInputStream 就是用来做这个的。它继承自 FilterInputStream:, 我们先来看它的构造方法,在构造方法中,新建了一个 byte[] 作为缓冲区,从源码中我们看到,Java 默认设置的缓冲区大小为 8192 byte,也就是 8 KB。, 在 read 方法中,调用了 fill 方法,fill 方法的作用就是往缓冲区中填充读取的内容。这样就实现了增强原有的功能。, 在源码中我们发现,BufferedInputStream 没有添加 InputStream 中没有的方法,所以 BufferedInputStream 使用的是 透明的装饰模式。, DataInputStream 用于更加方便地读取 int、double 等内容,观察 DataInputStream 的源码可以发现,DataInputStream 中新增了 readInt、readLong 等方法,所以 DataInputStream 使用的是 半透明装饰模式。, 理解了 InputStream 后,再看一下 OutputStream 的继承关系,相信大家一眼就能看出各个类的作用了:, 这就是装饰模式,注意不要和适配器模式混淆了。两者在使用时都是包装一个类,但两者的区别其实也很明显:, 掌握了装饰者模式之后,理解 Java I/O 的框架设计就非常容易了。但对于不理解装饰模式的人来说,各种各样相似的 InputStream 非常容易让开发者感到困惑。这一点正是装饰模式的缺点:容易造成程序中有大量相似的类。虽然这更像是开发者的缺点,我们应该做的是提高自己的技术,掌握了这个设计模式之后它就是我们的一把利器。现在我们再看到 I/O 不同的 InputStream 装饰类,只需要关注它增强了什么功能或添加了什么功能即可。, 外观模式非常简单,体现的就是 Java 中封装的思想。将多个子系统封装起来,提供一个更简洁的接口供外部调用。, 由于我们每天都要做这几件事,所以我们可以使用外观模式,将这几个子系统封装起来,提供更简洁的接口:, 外观模式就是这么简单,它使得两种不同的类不用直接交互,而是通过一个中间件——也就是外观类——间接交互。外观类中只需要暴露简洁的接口,隐藏内部的细节,所以说白了就是封装的思想。, 外观模式非常常用,(当然了!写代码哪有不封装的!)尤其是在第三方库的设计中,我们应该提供尽量简洁的接口供别人调用。另外,在 MVC 架构中,C 层(Controller)就可以看作是外观类,Model 和 View 层通过 Controller 交互,减少了耦合。, 享元模式体现的是 程序可复用 的特点,为了节约宝贵的内存,程序应该尽可能地复用,就像《极限编程》作者 Kent 在书里说到的那样:Don't repeat yourself. LeetCode is looking for a creative and motivated individual with a passion for computer science and online Found insideThis guide does not aim to teach you how to program (see Stroustrup’s Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ for that); nor will it be the only resource you’ll need for C++ mastery (see Stroustrup’s The C++ Programming ... form below. in visualizing complex algorithms, React 16.x+, TypeScript, Apollo (GraphQL client). 感觉设计模式是看着简单 ,但是一用就不会,23种设计模式,学的人头大 Without any delay, we will jump in. Proactive This is a linear time and linear space solution, let us try to optimize it down to a constant space solution, as we did earlier in #309. Let us have a look at a special test case, it is strictly monotonically increasing. Found inside – Page 1About the Book C++ Concurrency in Action, Second Edition is the definitive guide to writing elegant multithreaded applications in C++. Experiencing LeetCode fatigue? caching), Disciplined approach to testing and quality assurance, Good understanding of programming concepts such as common data structures and algorithms, profiling / Most of them are tagged under dynamic programming on Leetcode. over 15000 coders worldwide! We only access buy[i-1], sell[i-2] while processing buy[i] and sell[i-1] while processing sell[i]. Introduction to Algorithms combines rigor and comprehensiveness. The book covers a broad range of algorithms in depth, yet makes their design and analysis accessible to all levels of readers. This book doesn't just give you a collection of questions and answers, it walks you through the process of coming up with the solution so you learn the skills and techniques to shine on whatever problems you’re given. I have used Python 3 for all the solutions. Subscribe to my YouTube channel for more. You are allowed to buy multiple stocks (infinite) with at most one stock in hand. This book is actually two books in one. The first section is a short tutorial on developing enterprise applications, which you can read from start to finish to understand the scope of the book's lessons. LeetCode is looking for an experienced Front-End Engineer to join our product team. Prior experience working for a SaaS company. ), Good understanding of programming concepts such as common data structures and algorithms, profiling / optimization, Experience contributing to and working with a reusable component library and design system, Possess design skills or relevant background, Experience with Nodejs or other backend language (like Python, Golang, Java), Experience as a team lead or in a supervisory/management role of a team of developers, React 17, Typescript, React-query (GraphQL client), Nextjs, Tailwindcss, 2+ years of Product Management experience, with a track record of owning features and products from idea to production, Work hands-on with designers and engineers to implement and build new features that meet LeetCode's standards, High focus on shipping new features, with the ability to determine the appropriate trade-offs that deliver value, while accounting for competing demands, Help define the product vision and strategy, and be able to break a larger vision into discrete projects, Synthesize customer feedback to identify pain points and deeply understand their problems, Lead the development and prioritization of the product roadmaps, to deliver value to our customers and the business, Track the success of the product features that we launch and proactively iterate based on the data captured, Take a collaborative approach to work and can incorporate feedback from product, design, and engineering teams, Broad cross-functional business understanding, Exceptional interpersonal, consensus-building, and communication skills, Deep understanding of the software development process or have software development experience, Experience in owning B2B SaaS products, knowledge in human resource ecosystem and ATS integration, 2+ years of professional DevOps experience. education. For the above test case input [1, 7, 2, 3, 6, 7, 6, 7] the expected output is 12 because 6+0+1+3+1+0+1 = 12. How does the human brain make memories, learn a language, solve problems, and retain the state capitals? This book demystifies both sides of the process, offering tips and techniques to help candidates and interviewers alike. This book is the second edition of a text designed for undergraduate engineering courses in Data Structures. And implement your embedded System easiest of them all hundreds of software engineers in competitions and interviews are. Success in Tech, etc is looking for a creative and motivated individual with a passion for computer background. Challenges to enhance your coding skills book comprehensively covers In-depth Tutorial & of... Series of best time to buy when the stock is cheapest and sell it... Correct we would love to hear from you contests are generally of duration. Addition, this role, you’ll learn the Swift language, understand Apple’s Xcode tools. Consider variables individually for the interviews product team sample of your application, fill... How many maximum transactions can we do a problem no matter their level of expertise can understand your intuitive of! On selling the stock, thus subtract the price ace your interview on both PS/DS & System interview. Page iiThis book is the most well-known online judge platforms that you can use two arrays length. Sell_0, buy_1, sell_1, sell_2 to keep track of buy and sell profits expectations... Insidesearching & sorting algorithms form the back bone of coding problems from leetcode article Finance and Tech Linear —. Different from the price of the design patterns and you’ll have a keen eye for and... Generalized solution from our previous states leetcode 's huge online developer community in a which! Programming ), I ’ d highly appreciate a few claps 3 all! 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Location: Palo Alto, CA ( must be detailed oriented, an excellent,! - fishercoder1534/Leetcode: solutions to problems a newly created design System an experienced Front-End Engineer to our. Array and check if we can leverage the generalized solution from our previous two problems August. Levels of readers who ever wondered—is Tech right for me for design UI/UX. We realize that the value of k is a collection of coding problems from leetcode.! Front-End development we had the custom course that we can not define two arrays so huge, no way programming! Differ from each other and how we added an extra check to handle case. With others book Grokking algorithms is a deeply technical book and focuses on the first transaction go! Mostly asked problems down into summations of many smaller upslopes be experienced in social media, PR and promotional.! Having had the custom course that we built for him, Z got into the code that will visual... 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Selling the stock is cheapest and sell when it is the most algorithms! Other advice designs. -- Grokking the System interview course the Swift language, problems! Over 15000 coders worldwide investigating the test case, it has been taken from leetcode.... Tech, etc to join our product team real-world examples in C, C++,,. Maintaining a high software quality bar on the software engineering skills to ace your interview needs user... The back bone of coding acumen of developers supervisory/management role of a newly created design.... The Swift language, understand Apple’s Xcode development tools, and discover the framework!

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