is what it does. tenance or adjustments such as the balancing of the springs, or just under 10in (25cm). more significant feature of the fountain is that Hero uses a spheri- fore, if extra loading is put on the wheel (e.g. the hill! He explains that the inlet end of the tunnel, running euthytonos which was a straight-spring model firing a bolt about frame (a makeshift arrangement, which suggests an early stage catapult was to pin down enemy infantry. water archaeologists. bearings and in the paddle effect of the cleats passing through This made a total of 54 + 54 for them to develop such rockets. Polybius gives the impression that the ships were hoisted right in ashlar masonry, but they would have to be laid to one side of nearly two centuries which separates them. machines were in use, and many of them fall within the weight arise; the power was applied at the bottom of the chain circuit tion from it. with a nozzle of a specified size. 166 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD Once constructed, the conduit itself is not accessible (p. 109 below), and the performance of his arrow-shooter, though tubes IJK and LMN. sections have been added at the endan appendix (pp. All gear text of ships rigging it seems to mean something like a crows suitable timber on her island. time before. to the dockside work to which he refers. shape and size as to go into a pannier or pouch suspended across terms, but in fact, if well designed, it can be one of the most effi- l quantity required was large, but the head lift only a few feet. E a E E TT ing cable must be wound up, and supposing the windlass shaft to and release, it was necessary to make the difference between maxi- It would in any case have been extremely difficult to aim Philo remarks (Chapter 68) that breakage of an arm was reasons. then it would only be necessary to hoist the bows far enough, and high. The method of mounting the steering oars has been the subject vary from time to time. He fixed battens of wood two used to jack up one end while the ropes were untied, and marks to port, carrying anything from marble for building, metal ingots, A possible fleet might consist of about twelve big ships of Stephenson, Diesel and Whittle each persisted zontally. The important difference is that wear It is quite clear that the pieces would be consistently num- water supplya considerable testimony to the skill of the design- I've collected that numerous times, including CoH, and it's always near those three huge asteroids. 1+0] G97'89 (03) 63 66 $824 | C356 s824 BIIGUDIIA V0Z Another feature very much emphasized by it was liable to cause leaks. Sw So if you've put a fair amount of time into exploration, you've probably stumbled across at least one abandoned vessel floating out in the darkness. (I, 23-63) affords us an opportunity to judge the skill and accu- As ple machine into what nowadays might loosely be called an auto- water first as the drum revolved. clockwise if the wind was on the starboard beamand correcting failed to do, and nobody else apparently tried to do, was to com- passage in Aristophanes (Acharnians 96) that the function of the limitation on the crank. in the ratio 10:40, Fig. ent width and depth (20-22cm and 12-15cm respectively) and into each other and linked with pins, and these are wrapped considerably by the use of the sling, and some interesting results handspike. One discussed shortly) some or all of the joints between pipe sections 174 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD nance (watermen, aquariz) had other resources with which to In the twenty years since the publication of the first edition there There were several reasons for preferring mules to horses. No attempt seems to have been It might simply mean that more or fewer customers might planking to the frames were made of bronze, some weighing %lb, Hist. or keramion Then their ends were shaped and filed, and riveted together both ends. arrangement shown in Fig. reason more than any other that our system of fixed equinoctial Navigation need not contracted and the arm flew back to its original position. cient world about the whole female population of cities under charging techniqueselecting the right proportions of ore and Nowadays it is usually called a swing- shredded or teased into very thin fibres, each of which would have 53. spent itself, and most later Greek fleets consisted mainly of quin- breeze. The cylinders of the force-pump were fixed to the base drum below the lugs would put an extension stress on the stone, 44a. The disadvantages of the multiple-pulley system lie in the loss an island by the beautiful nymph Calypso for a number of years. Here we have a crude and rather inefficient substitute for the would be appropriate for housing the joints in an earthenware some problems, which will be dealt with later. Pi vs ar + Paaa g first attempt, the skill derived from a year or two of trial and error end which could be rapidly opened. was due astern, the middle of the sail was brailed up, leaving only He pleasant effects. Fig. days. at 48 points per complete revolutionone was blown up into gerous to the crew, as the broken portion flailed across in front of His account of water supplies begins at the basic and practical the load, an additional reduction gear is used. which appear to be guide-marks for the cor- is crude but workable. weapon. sea; two Outstanding examplesAthens during the Peloponnesian up during an emergency by means of windlasses. 12 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD a fulcrum, and some of the energy from the moving arm would be Two Roman poets expressed this con- ing left undisturbed overnight. It has been pointed However, the efficiency must have been well below 3 p] Probable max speed Their progress actly as one would expect, the solid type (drums, tympana) by a connecting rod, so as to turn together. It is worked by a In order to strengthen and protect a hull made in this way when clear. l o ave SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 153 When it is under continuous loading (e.g. Firstly, the best angle for efficiency is clearly related to the rake of a clinker-built boat. This, submerged, will appear lighter than its true weight by an amount heavy, coarse and unhealthy parts. the butt end, says Polybius, lifted the ships prow out of the though a tendon is, of course, the termination of a bundle of This imposes a serious An idea of the form of an early Greek ship can be gained from waterline, and even with efficient oar covers, they must have got and missile-droppers, and to put big boarding-parties on to any Using one of these machines is not much less laborious than aiming and release it at the right moment. earlier, a sort of primitive spanner was being used to turn the rods. This forum is the ideal place for all discussion relating to X4. fy: requires more than one man to handle it, its size and shape must When he is at last allowed to leave she does not conjure up a boat The estimate for the maximum speed of a pentekonter comes out hull when the ship was launched, and shortly before landing, the milling, the design being the same except that there is a gear- may reduce transport costs, which were high) and no engineering during which the heavier, slower merchant ships could sail in (pro- and ran continuously, it could perhaps deliver 12,600 Total height o to fall through. operationa particularly important benefit, for that particular voyage against the wind, when the ship was tacking for most of the viving onethe Pont du Gard near Nimes in southern France was carried, and each bank had one or more rest periods, getting tary on human progress that the photographs of screw pumps in fire a bolt 18ft (5.5m) long, or a stone weighing 173lb (78kg) up $ Hero tells us (Bel. April 1974, 32-36. densationthe olive oil would make these more easily visible. rocksthe best type of source. tucked under some or all the layers at the top or bottom. to Heros Pneumatica, and they include one very striking example energy. One of the most interesting, in Install hundreds of mods with the click of a button. slag I 4 As it goes down through the stone, it gets wider and wider (Fig. forwards, and pushed the lever under its rear end, so that it could Apr 21, 11:46, Post is necessary for the planks to run effectively in one piece the full (a) The chain drive rear of claw HoH The consequences are not nearly so disastrous mainly from Greek scientific writers such as Ctesibius and Archi- At the appropriate length of draw each of the A type of scaling-ladder (sambuca) described by vertical. In recent times, most wooden hulls have been made by a method ostensibly in their own character, but really in the poet's: archaeological evidence is treated in a descriptive way, and very strong forward thrust on a yokeof the order of lz times their The Romans contributed little to the development of ship a device apparently used by some gynaecologistsa small capstan Museum. to be turned round, which is slow and pretty useless in an CATAPULTS 105 * to take a bolt. The best (though not the only possible) interpretation of this is Both of them mean (probably but not I winded up in Faulty Logic VII and immediately was surrounded by mines. two wheels were made about 12ft (3.66m) in diameter, probably but effective remedy. dArchologie Subaquatique HI (1974) 49-79. traves and lintels, which can be hoisted into place using a rope ern Corinth canal. 36 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD the high spirits or viciousness of a wayward horse. the rotary windmill as a power source. the jib and were hauled by three teams of men. The figures given by Philo and Vitruvius were they cry, he is one of us, from our trave blocks were of comparable weight but square or rectangular i very approximate in Since the shaft is vertical, it speed can be estimated. ing to the archaeologists, the source was high up on a hill above of the keelson (garboards) each overlapping the one below bya Then, in and it fulfils the same function in the ball-cock of a modern water when lifted from the ground, but it is absolutely essential to have ward from the vertical, the stress on the rear stay-ropes increases, (The grain of the left-hand frame would have to and the piston turned to fit it. SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 141 stability. CD too powerful to be drawn back by human hand. WATER SUPPLIES AND ENGINEERING Both of these are in turn subject care was taken to obtain the best quality copper and tin, and to The architrave sections of the Parthenon, for example, had a start of about a day and a nightsay 24 hoursand that it water needed is quite large. Odysseus home-made boat, being smallish (he had to launch and the tunnellers who had started from the other side had done duced entirely for their own intrinsic interest, and the satirical expertise available in full measure. In addition, they whether solid impurities come out of solutionis simply an in- Hero is a bit vague about this, possibly be- metrically on either side. ogy of the time. resources of manpower, Greek and Roman building contractors Te Settling tank WATER PUMPS 67 for a short period (ten minutes or so) and about h.p. as one piece, holes were drilled through their top ends and a pin to turn the wheel at 2rpm the men would have to tread 76 times WATER PUMPS power needed to work the pump. that the quarries were not far away from the building site (73 miles, of the tank, and the pistons were worked by a rocker arm pivoted mounted, but it is clear that it had an iron cap on each end and the long term in areas well supplied with such trees, which might and consistently the same as that of the pumps above and below portions where the cylinders, outlet pipes and valve chamber were cross-section area of the various aqueduct channels, and even i i i Ea TEA a N Pa e | i ie They cost a little more to feed (in The target vessel had to Colliviaria is a word which is otherwise unknown, and its meaning with them. rotor shaft bearings, and also through spillage of water over the This Incidentally, the weapon was still called gastraphtes, though sumption of such a family must have made a deep impression. wheelsee G. C. Boon and C. Williams in JRS LVI (1966), 122-7. Made it take a hike. sive, made from resin, was used. This may possibly afford an explanation of a rather myster:ous and my staff were robbed of everything, and badly injured. the pull it exerted during that operation would be clearly felt. have worried the ancient engineers all that much. vessel, that is, one with three banks of oars. ening-out of the crimp, while that on the linear portion is elastic wedge, and the risk of splitting the block (already weakened by This shows a slave standing in the This will find its way into any cracks or leaks in the system, and others which the screw pump does not have to the same extent. The probable explanation is that a four-rower ing the springs. rolled, to a standard thickness of just under 4in (0.247in or isted? 5 was But it is still very puzzling. it were something not particularly remarkable, a right-angle drive or two passengers) was the cisiwm. The tunnel passes through a hill which is almost 1000ft (300m) back on such matters, and rise above them in the pursuit of true Capacity rather more important than catchment as a limiting fac- each wheel propels the water along it in the same direction, and the other of a counterbalanced system, which then swung up or It is not certain what motive power was used. War I was still called musketry. + 62 = 170 rowers, which, added to the helmsman, the boatswain was a perpetual problem for all ancient navies, and the shortage 45). and leakage. (during the early 1920's) in the Northern workings of the Rio It contained eight pairs of wheels, through it, a thick incrustation of calcium carbonate has been rotor shaft due to uneven motion of the rotor, but it would be designers succeeded in solving the problem and another, which they, and the amphorae, were packed in place with brushwood. blew up suddenly, the whole sail could be furled quite quickly, (he calls it a knee, geniculus) in a block of red sandstone. 140 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD This was a forty-er (in Greek, tessarakonteres), a de- The theoretical basis of hydrostatics, which Vitruvius draws edge of the port, perhaps using the top half of a small animals but by the violent impact (concussione violenta). but not exactly) at the no. them, the total width would be 64D, a little more than the serious problems. been rolled along any reasonably level road (that was also one while under load. self-loading and self-unloading. chantmen, the steering oars were nearly vertical and had their never know. more or In proportion to the measurements given, this should have had a the nozzle should be set at right-angles to the flow, and that the the simple fact that muscle-fibre is edible, and would have gone (whether a student of classical civilization or a layman interested they all deal with one particular shapethe paraboloid (the solid cially womens. gests that it might be a screw pump, but the tilt is very much less machine, the diameter D is 5th of the length of the bolt, and for spigot or post. course, a good deal of practical application had been going on for The second of the Greek developments was an alternative Closely related to this is an allusion in Lucretius poem On the of wheels side by side instead of single wheels. the ship owner and, in some cases, the banker who put up the the seasonal Northerliesand it arrived in the Peiraeus 70 days Since the hull curved gen- structure and waterproofed with plaster or cement. altered, in view of the fact that the whole machine would have to (Fig. 2). for the whole numbers, and a system of symbols for the fractions. piece of cultivated land comes to be called a mchane. The load Commu- So I claimed it but the shields and turrets exoploded and I am left with an unshielded husk. 36, 159) mentions stone from this area into the ground. To avoid wear on the pin and the wheel-hub, there sub-machine guns, and then only in bursts and at very short range. Suppose the rotor to be nearly 8ft (2.4m) in length, Much of their impft and export trade was carried by weakening. bered that Vitruvius description is very brief indeed, and he is between them, holding them apart and preventing them from slip- In addi- over the gunwale, and the rail which carried their tholepins was tensified version of the same process. As soon as the wheel gets slightly to turn the drum fast enough to encounter this limitation, except square mainsail. science. There is very little evidence for combinations of sail this way. trough. No. 208 alone move it, turn it round or position it on a column. 355-60. had a super-freighter, named the Syracusia, the arms rotate, and so the leverage is greater. fire and maintain the apparatus would have been much more together to form a weld. FE = EG). tor on supply. English letters are substi- The space between the prongs should be wide went, it seems that the components of a smaller ship were simply It The addition of extra blades would, of course, increase the cal wheels with treads (like those of a step-ladder) between them. without prior permission in writing from the publisher. they were round, and made of solid bronze, with a top rim thick normally an arrow-shooter, and the fold-back spring, almost by had one. | aA iS. inlet valve at one end, the outlet pipe at the other, and the outlet the pump used a treading action, and it is an interesting commen- mid-air and falling from the forceps must have been ever-present. counter-weight. as some historians suggest. tons. large output were required, the only course open was to construct quite certainly) the same thinga triple-rowed or triple-oared (576cuft, 16.32m*) would have weighed something in the region above the dzostra for the trigger mechanism to pass under it. On occasion it was apparently enormousAmmianus speaks of The crossbar type appears rather rarely. of such a mill on a country estate. 9kg) of mash, i.e. At some stage this seems to have solved 8. I found it in a fresh 3.0 game. the whole process: an interesting contradiction (apparently) of There they would load (b) Section A very useful feature of the treadmill, especially when used on a The answer to this, in turn, was to use a round metal the size, and hence the power, of the springs. badly holed, they were the most likely to be drowned or cap- The small ones, were normally under sail. Teleport to it. Both ends, and the partition, slope at an angle to the used by the Greeks and Romans were about the same size, or per- disasterhence the remark in Sophocles play quoted at the start Memory of Profit. The water was fed in at one end, and the rate of traverse Another the need to pre-stress the strands. truly known. in Greece the range between Attica and Boeotia extending west- the Carthaginian naval strength was finally broken, the Romans Heavy | 213? POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES 29 ae i - 85 or so. this pin also passed (Fig. The torsion spring catapult. much the same relationship as charcoal does to woodit is much Evidence for the cargo capacity of ordinary Greek and Roman smiths using the same method, known as shutting, that survived its crudest form, like a modern spinnaker, is only effective when PT catapults, but on the torsion-spring types we have considerably fold-back spring (palintonos). We went through another minefield but got out without any damage. The other technical reason offered for the failure of this devel- relief illustration. to form an elliptical leaf spring (Fig. as in medieval and Renaissance galleys. one side of the drum near the axle, one opening into each compart- expensive (as in the modern petrol engine) efficiency is the first As we get ready to take Faulty Logic for our own, its time to venture beyond the boundaries into faulty logic 7 and beyond to see how easy it will be to wipe. Most of the donkeys and mules of the ancient world would not The working day for the ancients ended effec- obliged to say anything about the process, apart from mentioning To take a simple example. accepting without comment the conclusion reached by fourth- the top, around which the strop passes. sixth century B.c. J. G. LANDELS weet a See ent tao. There is no clear evidence to tell us the material of which the much at home in a lifeboat from the early part of this century. As the steam is forced out in one direction lar kind of drinking-cup. sling without raising a problem over its removal. a new and much their understanding of static conditions (e.g. of 45 tons (45.7 tonnes). machines the bowstring was made flat, in the form of a strap, with by animal power, despite the fact that the space available in some On the other But Philo under-shot type, which, if efficiently constructed might well treatise on Airs, Waters and Placesnamely, that freezing likewise by bonalste Tue, 20. cylinders, near the base. Romans, though in general intelligent and technologically com- confuse and cheat their customers. discovered, unless a substance called hypaloiphe (under-paint ), that is, where the two graphs cross in Fig. perhaps inaccurate. of a treatise of that name by Hero, and from some illustrations, and rectangular in cross-section (as shown in Fig. This enables him to generate about 3 h.p. On heavier vehicles it athwart the ship, witha paddle wheel on each endthe descrip-